<p>Brittas Bay  in County Wicklow, Ireland is a 4 km stretch of beach on the Irish Sea coast. The beach is accessed from the R750 regional road which runs parallel to the beach, separated from it by extensive areas of sand dunes. The beach and associated dunes are very popular as they are close to Dublin and are one of the most frequented beaches by residents of the capital during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Brittas Bay is in the civil parish of Dunganstown in the barony of Arklow on the southern coast of County Wicklow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a Christian settlement in Threemilewater prior to St Patrick&#39;s arrval in Ireland. This settlement was presided over by a Roman prelate Palladius. He was assisted by two monks named Sylvester and Solinus. Later St Baoithin ruled over a monastery in the area and one of his pupils was St Kevin who founded the Christian settlement in Glendalough. This settlement became world famous as a refuge for learning during the Dark Ages.</p><br>
<p>A 17th Century smuggler and pirate Captain Jack White operated from Jack&#39;s Hole, a secluded cove where he intercepted goods from British merchant ships and imported goods from France to the annoyance of Crown authorities who were thus deprived of customs revenue. His accomplice Charles Acton, the Sheriff of the Grand Jury, felt the bold Captain was being less than forthright in his dealings with him and had him tried and hanged and his body thrown into the sea off the cliffs at Mizen Head. A local pub which was a coachhouse on the present N11 road where Jack White distributed his booty is named after him. There is a reputed copy of an arrest warrant on the wall in the pub.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Brittas, as it is commonly known (there is a place of the same name on the Dublin/Kildare/Wicklow border; see Brittas, Dublin), has been a summer holiday home for Dubliners since the 1950s. It brings together a mix of permanent residents and day trippers.</p><br>
<p>The busiest time of year in Brittas Bay is the public holiday on the first weekend in August (the August Bank Holiday) which brings hundreds of people down from Dublin to camp on the beach or in the dunes. Camping on the dunes however is forbidden under the by-laws issued by Wicklow County Council because of environmental damage to the sand dunes caused by campfires and litter.</p><br>
<p>The Brittas Bay Coastcare Group hold monthly clean-ups of the beach and sand dune areas by its volunteers. The group also replant marram grass and other indigenous plants in the dune areas. They have also entered Brittas Bay in the Pure Mile Project where they have adopted a mile long stretch of the R750 road along Brittas and are tidying it up. Neighbours will co-operate by painting their homes and walls bordering the road.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the movie The Count of Monte Cristo starring Jim Caviezel were filmed here.</p><br>
<h2>Public transport access</h2><br>
<p>The nearest bus stop to Brittas Bay is located around 2 km distant at Jack Whites Cross. It is served daily in each direction by several (but not all) coaches on Bus Éireanns Expressway route 2 (Wexford-Arklow-Dublin-Dublin Airport). Jack White&#39;s Cross is also served, albeit infrequently by Bus Éireann route 384. Outside of these times the nearest bus stop to Brittas Bay is located in Arklow. The nearest railway stations are Arklow railway station and Wicklow railway station.</p><br>
<h3>Public dissatisfaction over removal of stop from route 2</h3><br>
<p>Until the end of September 2012 Bus Éireann route 2 used to stop at Jack Whites Cross numerous times each day. There was considerable public dissatisfaction with the decision as the bus provides a useful link to hospitals as well as for commuting and leisure purposes. The stop at Jack Whites Cross was reinstated in the route 2 timetable from 25 August 2013 (inclusive).</p><br>
<p>Burkes Pass is a mountain pass and at its base, a small town on State Highway 8 at the entrance to the Mackenzie Country in South Canterbury, New Zealand. It is named after Michael John Burke, a graduate of Dublin University, who discovered the passageway which leads up into the Mackenzie Country in 1855. This was an alternative route to the Mackenzie Pass, which the notorious alleged sheep stealer, James Mckenzie, had used to take his sheep into the Otago goldfields.</p><br>
<p>Burke may not have been the first European to cross the Pass called after him. G Dunnage camped in the vicinity in 1855 before the geographical features were named.</p><br>
<p>(Info Source: Timaru Museum Database)</p><br>
<p>A dray track was cut through Burkes Pass in 1857-58. Settlers and bullock teams soon found The Long Cutting was the easier of the two passageways to negotiate, becoming the main thoroughfare for travellers in to the Mackenzie, a vast land known by Maori for its plentiful supply of wekas on the plains and eels in the streams and lakes. With travel slow and arduous, the need for a resting place for weary travellers soon became evident.</p><br>
<p>A 640 acre site, on the west side of the top of The Long Cutting, was set aside in 1859 to establish a central depot for coal, wood, and food supplies. It was a bleak, exposed site, between Sterickers Mound, near Sawdon Creek, and the foot of the spur from Mount Burgess. James Noonan ignored the official township site building the first hotel in 1861 at Cabbage Tree Creek in the valley behind where the remains of the hotel built in 1869 are today.</p><br>
<p>A town, first known as Cabbage Tree Creek, then Clulee, and finally Burkes Pass, sprang up around the hotel. For more than half a century a colourful cavalcade passed through the town, Burkes Pass becoming the social, business, and sporting centre for the Mackenzie Country pioneers. Its heyday was 1890 to 1910 when there was a population of 143 and a three-teacher school.</p><br>
<p>However, the promised railway, which was to cement Burkes Pass’s future as the capital of the Mackenzie, never arrived. It stopped at Fairlie in 1884, displacing Burkes Pass as the business centre. The final blow was in 1891 when the Mount Cook Road Board, in a 4-3 vote, decided to relocate to Fairlie.</p><br>
<p>The Burkes Pass Scenic Reserve, administered by the Department of Conservation, is a former stock droving reserve one kilometre to the west of the pass. The ecological values are threatened by introduced rabbits, lupin, broom and wilding conifers.</p><br>
<p>The Koster Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located south of Eldred, Illinois. The site covers more than 3 acres and extends 30 feet down into the alluviel deposits of the Illinois River valley. Over the course of its excavation between 1969 and 1978, Koster produced deeply buried evidence of ancient human occupation from the early Archaic period  to the Mississippian period . The soil strata contains a total of 25 distinct occupations each separated by additional layers of soil, making the site exceptionally well-preserved.</p><br>
<p>The site includes one of the oldest known cemetery sites in eastern North America. The cemetery site has provided researchers with evidence that Early Archaic civilizations had specific burial practices and buried their dead in mounds, often with numerous individuals buried together. Other significant discoveries made at the site include early evidence of North Americans using stones to grind food and keeping domesticated dogs. The discovery of permanent residences and items which could not be easily transported at the site suggests that it was a large permanent village. Excavations at the site have also yielded a variety of stone tools, which were used for various purposes and also indicate long-term habitation of the site. Artifacts and evidence from the excavation helped archeologists revise their thinking about early inhabitants from nomads to a sedentary people living in year round structures.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered in 1967 on the farm fields of Theodore and Mary Koster and subsequently named after them. The discovery was made by Northwestern University anthropologist Stuart Struever who stumbled on the farm and the rich trove of historically significant artifacts that lay beneath the cornfields after a tip from a local farmer. Struever had recently founded the Center for American Archeology located in Kampsville, Illinois. Under his leadership, the site became one of the largest excavations of its era, drawing over 10,000 yearly visitors; it is considered to be the Center for American Archeology&#39;s most important discovery. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Kamp Mound Site is a prehistoric mound and village site located along the Illinois River and Illinois Route 100 north of Kampsville, Illinois. The Hopewellian site includes seven mounds dating from 100 B.C. - 450 A.D. and a village site dating from 450-700 A.D. The Havana Hopewell culture used the complex as a ceremonial and burial site. Archaeologists have also proposed that the site served as a regional trade center for the Hopewellian exchange system. The seven mounds at the site, which were originally part of a group of ten, include some of Illinois&#39; largest mounds. In addition, large amounts of shell and animal bone fragments have been recovered from the site.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Kamp Store is a historic general store building located at the northeast corner of Oak and Broadway in Kampsville, Illinois, United States. Joseph Kamp, the son of the founder of Kampsville, opened the store in 1902. The two-story wood frame building features a false front with decorative metalwork. The store provided Kampsville residents with a wide variety of goods, ranging from small household items to automobiles and heavy farming equipment. St. Louis-based suppliers shipped the store its goods via Mississippi River barges. Kamp operated the store until his death in 1952; the store served as a grocery store until the 1970s and later became a carpet store. The Center for American Archeology purchased the building in 1991 and now uses it as its Visitor&#39;s Center and Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 4, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Ullscarf is a fell in the English Lake District close to the geographical centre of the Cumbrian hills. It forms part of the watershed between the Derwentwater and Thirlmere catchments, a ridge running broadly north-south.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Ullscarf is bordered on the west by the Greenup valley, with steep but mainly grassy slopes, the chief exception being Lining Crag. This impressive rock face is prominent in views up the valley, standing right beside the bridleway. From above however it is reached via a shallow grassy saddle and makes a fine viewpoint or picnic spot. A number of gills run down this western side of Ullscarf.</p><br>
<p>To the east lies Thirlmere across a moorland of small hillocks. The final descent is steep, falling down conifer clad slopes to the reservoir. To the south of Thirlmere is its feeder valley of Wythburndale, which rises eastward to its source below Greenup Edge. Above Wythburndale Ullscarf displays a near continuous line of crags, the principal faces being Castle Crag and Nab Crags. A series of low tops crown the edge above Nab Crags, one of them bearing a prominent stone structure visible from the valley below. This is marked beacon on OS maps, but is in fact a very short length of dry stone wall. It was set up some decades ago to replace a vandalised beacon cairn.</p><br>
<p>The main ridge of the Central Fells continues south from Ullscarf, dropping over a field of rocky knolls to cross the wide depression of Greenup Edge. This is the connection to High Raise (Langdale), the highest of the Central Fells. To the north, the natural boundaries are unclear. Standing Crag provides a terminal to the summit plateau, rising beautifully above its reflecting tarn. From here the ridge continues across wet ground toward High Tove, the next Wainwright. Some guidebooks however consider the intermediate Bell Crags (summit unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps) to be a separate fell. A second subsidiary ridge travels north north west from the summit to Great Crag, passing over the twin tops of Coldbarrow Fell.</p><br>
<p>Between these two northern ridges is Blea Tarn. A large pool of about 40 ft depth, Blea Tarn provides the main feed for the more famous beauty spot of Watendlath Tarn. Drainage to the east (and Thirlmere) is provided by Ullscarf and Launchy Gills, the former flowing via the secluded Harrop Tarn within the Thirlmere Forest. This may be a corrie tarn which has silted up over time, extensive shallows being colonised by sedge, water horsetail and yellow water lilly. These waters are joined by the Wyth Burn from the south of the fell. All water from the west of the fell reaches Greenup Gill via a number of feeders and flows to Derwentwater.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is composed mostly of till (clayey silty gravel) overlying rocks of the Lincomb Tarn Formation. This consists of dacitic lapilli-tuff with andesite sills. The eastern plateau above Thirlmere shows some outbreaks of the volcaniclastic sandstone of the Esk Pike Formation.</p><br>
<p>A 16th century mine, Launchy Gill Level, was driven 60 ft into the fellside below White Crags on the Thirlmere side of the fell. A scramble is required just to reach the mouth of the level.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell is an upland plateau of about 4 square miles, predominantly clad in coarse grass and heather. There are few paths on the fell itself. One track follows the watershed, being marked in places by old iron fenceposts. Bridleways cross the ridge to the north and south of Ullscarf, providing access from Wythburn, Thirlmere, Stonethwaite and Watendlath. The summit is marked by a large cairn on a small rocky outcrop, the old fenceposts marching past (intermittently) in either direction.</p><br>
<p>Views from the top are extensive, befitting the central location, with the Scafells and Helvellyn ranges being shown to particular effect.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Wythburn to the south east a number of routes are possible. The Wythburn valley (and its bogs) can be followed to reach the ridge at Greenup edge, or more direct climbs can be made via Harrop Tarn. From here either the line of tops above Nab Crags or Standing Crag will be the intermediate objective.</p><br>
<p>Ullscarf can be climbed from Watendlath, gaining the north-north-east ridge above Blea Tarn, and then ascending over the tops of Coldbarrow Fell.</p><br>
<p>The most-used route, since it coincides with a section of Wainwrights Coast to Coast Walk, is to follow the Greenup valley from Stonethwaite, passing up beside Lining Crag and then turning north before Greenup edge to cut the corner&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The White Pine Range is a group of mountains in southern White Pine County, in eastern Nevada. The range runs for approximately 51 miles  from Beck Pass in the north to Currant Pass in the south. To the west of the range are the Duckwater  tribal lands and the northern arm of large Railroad Valley. To the east are Jakes Valley and the northern part of the long White River Valley. To the south are the Horse and Grant Ranges.</p><br>
<p>The White Pine Range is a unit of the larger Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest administered by the US Department of Agriculture&#39;s Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 50, the "Loneliest Road in America", crosses the range near its northern end at Little Antelope Summit (7433 ft, 2265 m). At the southern edge of the range USA Route 6 crosses at Currant Summit (6999 ft, 2133 m). The southern edge of the range extends into northeastern Nye County.</p><br>
<p>The historic mining area of Hamilton lies just south of Highway 50, and includes Mt. Hamilton (10,745 ft, 3275 m). The southern portion of the range rises to a thin limestone ridge, including Currant Mountain (11,513 ft, 3509 m), the high point of the range. Nearby are Duckwater Peak (11,188 ft, 3410 m) and White Pine Peak (10,182 ft, 3103 m). This high section of the range is protected as the Currant Mountain Wilderness Area, and its eastern slopes serve as headwaters to the White River. The 40,013 acre White Pine Range Wilderness Area borders the Currant Mountain Wilderness on the south.</p><br>
<p>Although named after the Limber Pine, the range might better be known for its large and vigorous stand of Great Basin Bristlecone Pines. Young and old trees alike exist at elevations above 10,000 feet, right up to the summit of Currant Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rae is a mountain located on the east side of Highway 40 between Elbow Pass and the Ptarmigan Cirque in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta. Mount Rae was named after John Rae, explorer of Northern Canada, in 1859.</p><br>
<p>Due to its relatively high summit and modest elevation gain from Highwood Pass, Mount Rae is a very popular scrambling objective. The scramble starts at the Highwood Pass parking lot on Highway 40 (2,227 m) and proceeds to the back of the Ptarmigan Cirque. Two options from this point are either ascending a steep snow field or climbing progressively steeper slabs to the col. Once on the col (connecting the main summit of Rae with an unnamed peak), the route ascends on the northern side to the narrow summit ridge. In snowy conditions, sticking close to the summit ridge and passing an upcoming massive gendarme is the standard route. In dry conditions, the gendarme can be bypassed on slopes beneath it.</p><br>
<p>Lake Helen is a glacial lake or a tarn occupying a cirque at around 8,200 feet  in Lassen Volcanic National Park. The lake is located to the south of Lassen Peak and west of Bumpass Mountain in the Shasta Cascades region of Northern California. Highway 89 runs along the lake&#39;s southern and eastern shore. The lake is named for Helen Tanner Brodt who in 1864 became the first woman to reach the summit of Lassen Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Since the lake is at a high elevation (over 8,000 feet (2,438 m)), the lake is frozen and covered in deep snow for most of the year. Ice usually forms sometime around October–November and remains until July–August. During winter, Pacific storms come in from the west and bedeck the lake with copious amounts of snowfall. Annual snowfall at the lake is around 600-700 inches (15.24 m-17.78 m), making it the snowiest place in California. The maximum average snow depth for the lake is 178 inches (4.52 m), though sometimes it could reach over 315 in. (8 m).</p><br>
<p>Brickyard Cove is a body of water in the Brickyard Cove neighborhood of the Point Richmond area of Richmond, California. The cove is situated between the Harbor Channel, a deepwater shipping channel that connects the San Francisco Bay with the Port of Richmond and the mainland. The cove is located between Point Potrero and Ferry Point. A marina is located in the cove and the Red Oak Victory part of Rosie the Riveter/World War II Homefront National Historic Park is docked in the western end of the cove.</p><br>
<p>Brickyard Cove was once home to Richmond Brick Company. Richmond Brick Company used the area to create bricks used to build various structures in "Point Richmond" and various other structures on the East Coast. The "Bee-Hive" Kilns are still present onsite. Richmond Brick Company was owned by the "Sevy Family".</p><br>
<p>The Pelletier House is a historic home and national historic district located at Jacksonville, Onslow County, North Carolina. Built in the 1850s by Rufus Ferrand Pelletier in the Greek Revival style, it sits atop Wantland Spring on the banks of the New River. Initially constructed as a one-room dwelling to serve as home and office, additional rooms were built onto the structure during later years. The house itself was originally part of a turpentine lot owned by Rufus Pelletier and his brother William Pelletier. These rooms were damaged during a fire in the early 1950s. The house was occupied by Pelletier&#39;s daughter Eliza until her death in 1954. Subsequently, the Onslow Historical Society acquired and maintained the structure until January 25, 2013 when Onslow County took over ownership. The house is opened for public viewings on special occasions. It is the oldest standing structure in Jacksonville.</p><br>
<p>Pelletier House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Saint John&#39;s Cathedral in Denver, Colorado is the seat of the bishop and the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Colorado and part of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Construction began in 1909, the first service held in the cathedral in 1911, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Father John H. Kehler traveled from Virginia to the group of mining camps known as Denver City in January 1860 and delivered the first public services of the Episcopal Church in what would become Colorado Territory. He eventually established the parish of St. John’s in the Wilderness, so named because the nearest Episcopal parish was seven hundred miles away in Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The first cathedral was at 20th and Welton and held its first services in 1881. Dean H. Martyn Hart was the first dean of the cathedral and he worked with other Denver clergy in 1887 to create the Denver Charity Organization, the first community charity solicitation fund in the United States - later renamed the United Way.</p><br>
<p>A fire at the church in 1903 led to the construction of the current cathedral block at 14th and Washington. In 1908 a blind contest was held and the design of New York architectural firm of Tracy and Swartwout was selected. Work began on Saint John’s Cathedral in 1908. The original design made use of flying buttresses to support the weight of the roof. This design allows for thinner walls and more glass area. The buttressed design was considered too expensive to build, so a redesign was requested which limited the cathedral to the nave and provided a temporary brick chancel. The foundation was then completed from this design. Bids for this revised design were still too high, so another redesign was requested, this third design excluded the buttresses and consequently had thicker heavier walls. The result of the installed foundation being too small to support the increased weight of the newest design&#39;s thicker and heavier walls resulted in the cathedral sinking during construction. Some walls and the center arch between the towers had to be disassembled and foundation corrected before building could resume. A lawsuit brought against Tracy and Swartwout was dismissed, as the building committee was found to be at fault. The two transepts, choir and great tower were never built. Only the nave was completed of limestone with a "temporary" brick chancel. The height of the ceiling in the Nave is 65 feet. It is 185 feet long and 52 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>Dean Hart lead the construction committee and hosted its first services in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bross is a high mountain summit in the Mosquito Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,178 ft fourteener is located in Pike National Forest, 6.6 km northwest by north  of the Town of Alma in Park County, Colorado, United States. Mount Bross is named in honor of William Bross, who owned property in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>With a topographic prominence in the range of 292 to 332 feet (89 to 101 m), Mount Bross barely qualifies as an independent peak by the standard 300 foot prominence rule. It is often climbed together with Mount Lincoln and nearby Mount Democrat.</p><br>
<p>On March 9, 1869, Daniel Plummer and Joseph Myers, both of Alma, Colorado, filed claim on the first silver mine on Mount Bross. They named their holding "The Dwight". The adjoining Moose Mine, which Plummer and Myers filed in 1871, became the most productive silver mine in Park County. A native of Pennsylvania, Myers later became a town trustee in Fairplay, the county seat of Park County. The Dolly Varden Mine, discovered by George Brunk and Assyria "Cy" Hall in 1872, ranked second in silver production to the Moose Mine but outpaced the Moose in the richness of its ore. At the time the Dolly Varden opened, Hall was the sheriff of Park County.</p><br>
<p>The pioneering American Presbyterian missionary, Sheldon Jackson, came there from Denver to preach the gospel to the miners. He later established missions in Alaska.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the summit of Mount Bross was closed to the public because of safety concerns related to mines and trail access through private land.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sherman is a high mountain summit in the Mosquito Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,043 ft fourteener is located 11.0 km east by south  of the City of Leadville, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide separating San Isabel National Forest and Lake County from Pike National Forest and Park County. The mountain was named in honor of General William Tecumseh Sherman.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sherman is one of the most nondescript of the fourteeners, and one of the easiest to climb</p><br>
<p>it is recommended as a beginner fourteener. It is also the only fourteener that has had a successful aircraft landing on its summit.</p><br>
<h2>Sherman Mine</h2><br>
<p>The Sherman mine, located in upper Iowa Gulch at and above 12,200 ft. on the west flank of Mt. Sherman, produced over 10 million ounces of silver, mostly between 1968 and 1982, with a value of over $300 million at 2010 prices. The Sherman silver-lead-zinc deposit is hosted in dolostones of the Early Mississippian Leadville Formation. Mineralization is within an integrated cavern system that developed in these carbonate rocks in Late Mississippian time. Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization was emplaced into the old cave system at about 272 ± 18 Ma, during the Early Permian period.</p><br>
<p>Secondary ore minerals from the Sherman mine are popular with mineral collectors. The prominent ruins of the historic buildings and structures of the Hilltop Mine (above the more recent Sherman mine workings) are often visited and photographed by hikers and mountaineers.</p><br>
<p>Huron Peak is a high mountain summit of the Collegiate Peaks in the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,012 ft fourteener is located in the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 28.9 km west-northwest  of the Town of Buena Vista in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>While relatively close to its neighbor peaks, Huron Peak is separated from them by deep cols, resulting in a moderately high topographic prominence. Nearby to the south are the Three Apostles, a striking group of three thirteen thousand foot peaks.</p><br>
<p>It was named after the Huron Indians (Wyandot people).</p><br>
<h2>Flight for Life Accident</h2><br>
<p>On July 9, 1994, a Flight for Life Aérospatiale Eurocopter AS350 rescue helicopter crashed on Huron Peak at approximately 12,200 feet while attempting to rescue a female hiker who had suffered a broken ankle. With numerous search and rescue personnel nearby, the aircrafts pilot Gary McCall attempted to partially land on a 35 degree slope by placing one skid on the uphill side of the mountain. As rescuers stood under the rotors, shielding their faces from flying debris, they reported hearing chopping noises and saw the aircrafts rotors striking the side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The aircraft rolled approximately 800 feet down the mountain face, coming to rest near 11,400 feet. Rescuers scrambled to wreckage, but pilot Gary McCall and flight nurse Sandy Sigman had been killed. The accident was the first in the history of the Flight for Life program.</p><br>
<p>The angle between rotor and skid of the helicopter was later determined to be 28 degrees. The National Transportation Safety Board ruled the cause of the accident as: Failure of the pilot to assure main rotor clearance from sloping terrain while in a hover. The terrain condition was a related factor.</p><br>
<p>Calbuco  is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake, in the Los Lagos Region, and close to the cities of Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt. With an elevation of 2,015 meters above sea level, the volcano and the surrounding area are protected within the Llanquihue National Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption, a major VEI 4 event, happened with little warning on April 22–23, 2015, followed by a smaller eruption on April 30. This was Calbuco&#39;s first activity since 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Name and location</h2><br>
<p>Calbuco is located partly in Puerto Varas Commune and partly in Puerto Montt Commune. It lies 49 km from the city of Puerto Varas and 69 km from Puerto Montt. Its name is thought to come from the Mapuche words "kallfü" (blue) and "ko" (water), meaning "blue water". It shares the name with Calbuco Island in nearby Reloncaví Sound as well as the city and commune of Calbuco, although it is not located there.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Calbuco is a very explosive andesite volcano whose lavas usually contain 55 to 60% silicon dioxide (SiO2). It is elongated in a SW-NE direction and is capped by a 400-500 meter wide summit crater. Its complex evolution included the collapse of an intermediate edifice during the late Pleistocene that produced a debris avalanche that reached Llanquihue Lake.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic activity</h3><br>
<p>Calbuco has had 36 confirmed eruptions during the Holocene, 13 of which have been recorded in historical times. 20th century eruptions took place in 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1917, 1929, 1932, 1945, 1961, and 1972. A series of three eruptions occurred from April 22–30, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The 1893-94 Calbuco eruption was one of the largest ever to take place in southern Chile, with debris ejected to distances of eight kilometres, accompanied by voluminous hot lahars. In the strong explosions of April 1917, a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars. Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow.</p><br>
<p>The major eruption of 1961 sent ash columns 12–15 km high, produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the south east and emitted two lava flows. There was a minor, four-hour eruption on August 26, 1972. Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption happened in April 2015, when on April 22, the volcano suddenly erupted with little warning, sending a large ash column into the atmosphere; another eruption occurred in the early hours of April 23. A smaller eruption occurred on April 30. The eruptions ranked as a 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The volcano returned to the lowest alert level on August 18, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Kolymvari , also known as Kolymbari , is a town and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Platanias, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 149.994 km&sup2;. It was part of the former Kissamos province which covered the northwest of Chania Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>Kolymvari is a working coastal town at the southern end of the Rodopou peninsula and is a local centre for commerce and fishing. It does not have a sandy beach and is thus not as popular with tourists as the nearby resorts of Maleme and Platanias. Near the town is the historic Moni Gonia Monastery. The Spiliakos river enters the sea at Kolymvari. The municipal unit of Kolymvari covers the Rodopou peninsula at the end of the Gulf of Chania and some villages to the south. Most of the peninsula is uninhabited and rather barren, with most villages close to Kolymvari at the southern end. The municipal unit also includes Rodopou, Afrata, Vasilopoulo, Spilia, Kares, Episkopi, Vouves, Glossa, Panethimos, Nochia, Deliana, Drakona, Ravdouchas, Kalidonia, and Kamisiana.</p><br>
<p>Theriso  is a village and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chania, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 74.106 km&sup2;. It was part of the former Kydonia Province, which covered the central part of Chania Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>The town of Theriso is located to the south of Chania at the top of the Theriso gorge. The 14 km drive up the gorge is considered spectacular and is popular with Chania residents for the cooler temperatures and grill restaurants of the village. Theriso is a historic village and the birthplace of the mother of Eleftherios Venizelos. In 1905, Venizelos organised the Revolutionary Assembly in the village that ousted Prince George of Greece and precipitated the independence of Crete and its union with Greece (see Theriso revolt).</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Theriso extends from the outer suburbs of Chania, principally Perivolia and the village Agia, up the gorge beyond Theriso itself into the White Mountains (Lefka Ori). The head town of the municipality was Vamvakopoulo near Chania. The municipal unit also includes Theriso, Agia and Varipetro. It is bordered by Mousouroi to the west and Keramia to the east.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bernard is a freshwater lake two-and-a-half hours north of Toronto in Parry Sound District, Ontario, Canada, between Huntsville and North Bay. It measures roughly 2.5 km  across and 7 km  long. The village of Sundridge lies on the northern shore of this clean, clear lake, which is otherwise surrounded by the municipal township of Strong and six km west of spectacular Algonquin Park.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bernard is the largest freshwater lake in the world without an island. Large in comparison to the majority of Ontario’s thousands of lakes, it is surprising that Lake Bernard is also not connected to any other lake: "The lack of any islands and the fact that it is not connected to any other lake are both very curious since, just to the south, the Muskoka Lakes region is famous for its hundreds of lakes that are full of islands, and most of these lakes are interconnected." Part of the charm of Lake Bernard is also its more peaceful, less developed nature, 50 km removed from the hubbub of the busy Muskoka.</p><br>
<p>It is also an exceptionally deep lake, charted to depths of 150 feet but rumoured to have deeper spots of up to 400 metres, leading to speculation that the lake may have been formed by a meteor.</p><br>
<p>At one time years ago, the lake was primarily used as a logging lake, and one may still see many logs which have become waterlogged and sunk to the bottom of the lake. Lake Bernard used to go by the name of Stoney Lake, due to the large volume of rock found around the southern shores of the lake. For tourists looking to vacation now, much of the lake has sandy beaches and many areas feature a beautiful sandy bottom and shallow waters that are wonderful for families with small children.</p><br>
<p>Summer events on Lake Bernard include the annual Canada Day festivities in July and the Sunflower Festival and RBC Sundridge Triathlon each August. Including members of the local community, cottagers and tourists alike, there is something for everyone either on the water or on the shores at the Lions Park and bandshell, the children&#39;s waterside playground and Memories SplashPad (new in June, 2015).</p><br>
<p>Fish species in the lake include smallmouth bass, lake trout, whitefish, yellow perch and rock bass. Because Lake Bernard is large and deep, fishing for bass is limited to some areas, but lake trout and whitefish are plentiful in this unstocked lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bernard is a four-season recreational destination. Fall is highlighted with the beautiful seasonal colours all around the lake and visitors should check out the High Park Lookout and hiking trails. Lake Bernard is also part of the Discovery Routes Trails system for cycling. Ice fishing is very popular during the winter and huts can be seen on the lake until April. Snowmobiling on and around the lake is considered some of the best in Ontario and dog-sledding can also be arranged at local resorts.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bernard is also home to Glen Bernard Camp, a residential girls&#39; camp founded in 1922 by Mary S. Edgar. Focussing on helping girls develop self-confidence and independence, the camp challenges campers of all ages and skill levels in activities such as canoeing, kayaking, sailing, boardsailing, theatre, rock climbing, high ropes, low ropes, mountain biking, horseback riding, trampoline, canoe trips, arts & crafts, tennis, archery, golf and more. Glen Bernard is also a leader in environmental education and offers off-season educational and weekend programs as well.</p><br>
<p>One further surprising adventure may await visitors to Lake Bernard, cottagers and locals alike: the "Bernard Monster". Though many sightings have been claimed, no one has been able to get a good picture of the supposed Bernard Monster; however, in 2013 a photo was taken which purports to show the elusive beast.</p><br>
<p>The shores of the lake have been developed with non-permanent residences and cottages as well as permanent residents, many of whom are descendants of the original settlers to the area in the latter half of the 1800s. Several resorts have also made Lake Bernard their home, including Shady Nook Cottages, the Northridge Inn & Resort (newly renovated in 2015), Lake Bernard Park campground and Caswell Resort Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Gap  is a mountain pass between the Plott Balsam Range to the northwest and the Great Balsam Mountains to the southeast on the county line dividing Haywood and Jackson counties in the USA state of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The gap allows both the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway and the former Murphy Branch of the Southern Railway, now owned by Blue Ridge Southern Railroad, to cross between the two counties running east-west. The Blue Ridge Parkway also runs through the gap in a north-south direction crossing both the expressway and railway branch.</p><br>
<p>The gap is named for the Great Balsam Mountains in which it lies. The small, unincorporated communities of Balsam in Jackson County and Saunook in Haywood County are also located close by.</p><br>
<p>Bow Lake is a small lake in western Alberta, Canada. It is located on the Bow River, in the Canadian Rockies, at an altitude of 1920 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake lies south of the Bow Summitt, east of the Waputik Range (views including Wapta Icefield, Bow Glacier, Bow Peak, Mount Thompson, Crowfoot Glacier and Crowfoot Mountain) and west of the Dolomite Pass, Dolomite Peak and Cirque Peak.</p><br>
<p>Bow Lake is one of the lakes that line the Icefields Parkway in Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, other such lakes being Hector Lake, Lake Louise, Peyto Lake, Mistaya Lake, Waterfowl Lakes, Chephren Lake and Sunwapta Lake.</p><br>
<p>Historical Simspon&#39;s Num-Ti-Jah Lodge is located on the shores of Bow Lake</p><br>
<p>Bow Lake is the closest lake to the headwaters of Bow River, and has a total area of 3.21 km². Water in the lake is meltwater of the Bow Glacier.</p><br>
<p>San Andreas Lake is a reservoir adjacent to the San Francisco Peninsula cities of Millbrae and San Bruno in San Mateo County, California. It is situated directly on the San Andreas Fault, which is named after the valley it is in.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After discovering San Francisco Bay from Sweeney Ridge on November 4, 1769, the Portolá expedition descended what Portolà called the Cañada de San Francisco, now San Andreas Creek, to camp in the vicinity of today&#39;s San Andreas Lake.</p><br>
<p>The next day they reached a "Laguna Grande" which today is covered by the Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir. The campsite is marked by California Historical Marker No. 94 "Portola Expedition Camp", located at Crystal Springs Dam, on Skyline Boulevard, 0.1 mi south of Crystal Springs Road. They camped here a second time on November 12, on their return trip.</p><br>
<p>Padre Palóu, on an expedition from Monterey to explore the western side of San Francisco Bay led by Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, renamed Portola&#39;s Cañada de San Francisco to Cañada de San Andrés on November 30, 1774, it being the feast day of St. Andrew.</p><br>
<p>Captain Juan Bautista de Anza, after forging the first overland route from Monterey, California to San Francisco Bay, explored the peninsula and selected the sites for Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) and the Presidio of San Francisco. De Anza returned to Monterey via the Cañada de San Andrés and camped on the banks of San Mateo Creek on March 29, 1776. In de Anza&#39;s diary on March 29, 1776, he wrote: "Night having fallen, at a quarter past six I went down to the arroyo of San Andreas and to another, that of San Matheo, where it descends to empty into the estuary..."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Originally a small natural sag pond, the lake was expanded by the construction of a 100 foot high earth dam in 1868. The dam survived the 1906 earthquake despite the fact that the fault runs directly under the dam.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California, Berkeley, conferred the name of the lake on the earthquake fault he discovered in its vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the 1868 dam would have trapped salmonids such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) as both stream resident and steelhead life forms, both known to have been historically present in the San Mateo Creek watershed. San Mateo Creek once hosted coho salmon as evidenced by specimens collected by Professor Alexander Agassiz of Harvard University in the 1850s and 1860s. The historical presence of coho salmon is also suggested in an 1877 description by Charles Hallock: "Pilarcitos, one of the Spring Valley Water Company&#39;s reservoirs, is now well filled with fair-sized trout, and San Andreas, chiefly with silver salmon of generally moderate size".</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>Since the lake is a public water source, it is closed to the public. However, hikers and bicyclists may travel along the eastern shores of the lake on a paved trail that runs just west of Skyline Boulevard from San Bruno Avenue to Millbrae Avenue. A connecting trail, called the Sawyer Camp Trail, crosses the rift valley on the San Andreas Dam. This 6 mile (10 km) trail eventually reaches the eastern shores of the Lower Crystal Springs reservoir and the Crystal Springs Dam.</p><br>
<p>Victory Grill is a historic music venue located at 1104 E. 11th St, Austin, Texas. The nightclub was on the Chitlin&#39; Circuit and hosted famous African American acts such as Bobby Bland, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, W. C. Clark and B. B. King when Austin was legally segregated. Victory Grill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Johnny Holmes, a booking agent and band manager, opened the Victory Grill on Victory over Japan Day, 1945 as a restaurant and bar for black soldiers returning from the war. In the segregated south of the 1940s, these servicemen could not walk into just any place to have a beer. The first incarnation of the Victory was a small "lean-to" building, but Holmes soon moved to a larger building next door.</p><br>
<p>Holmes was also familiar with both the burgeoning Texas blues and jazz scenes, and soon, the club became known for its music as well as its food and drink. The club began attracting music lovers, no matter what their race. During its heyday in the 1950s, most of the popular national blues, rhythm and blues, and jazz acts that played Austin performed at the Victory Grill. Ike & Tina Turner, James Brown, Etta James, Billie Holiday, Chuck Berry and Janis Joplin were some of the artists who graced the stage. A resident of the area later quoted, "The street was so crowded you could barely walk. It was like New Orleans."</p><br>
<p>Holmes leased the Victory Grill out in 1952, while he traveled to West Texas and then Alaska. When he returned in 1965, he was shocked at how much the area had declined. Integration had allowed affluent blacks to move to the suburbs. Also with desegregation, the Chitlin Circuit ceased to exist, as acts that were once confined to the Victory could now play many other venues. These two factors led to declining attendance and forced Holmes to close the nightclub portion of the Victory in the mid-1970s. Holmes kept the restaurant portion open, as the Victorys food was still special enough to be a big draw.</p><br>
<p>On Juneteenth weekend of 1987, East 11th came alive with music again at a large reunion bash which brought many of the Victory&#39;s former musicians and fans together again. The Victory Grill closed for a period of time after October 10, 1988, when it suffered major damage from a fire that spread from an adjoining vacant building.</p><br>
<p>Many movements and fundraisers were held in the following years to get the Victory Grill back open, but most met with tepid response at best. Finally, in 1995, R.V. Adams, a friend of Holmes began restoration efforts and the club re-opened in 1996. This initiated a cultural rebirth of the area, which had become a casualty of urban blight.</p><br>
<p>The Victory Grill is one of the last remaining original Chitlin Circuit juke joints. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, archived by the Texas Historical Commission, and dubbed a "Texas Treasure" by the statewide organization Preservation Texas. It stands as an artifact to the development of a distinct American music tradition. The restoration of the Victory Grill bridged the era of the Chitlin Circuit to today&#39;s urban contemporary sounds. The café serves southern cuisine, provides blues, jazz and urban contemporary entertainment, and provides educational opportunities that link past African-American musical forms and culture with the present. The venue is open for private events, educational opportunities and cultural tourism.</p><br>
<p>Holyhood Cemetery is a cemetery located in Brookline, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Laid out in 1857, the cemetery was designed to reflect the rural cemetery movement begun at Cambridge&#39;s Mount Auburn Cemetery. It was the first such cemetery in Brookline. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<h3>Kennedy family</h3><br>
<p>Holyhood Cemetery is best known for being the final resting place of Joseph and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (parents of USA President John, USA Attorney General Robert, and USA Senator Edward). Their daughter, Rosemary Kennedy, is also buried here.</p><br>
<p>The last child born to President Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, as well as the body of a stillborn sister, Arabella, were also buried at Holyhood Cemetery, until being removed to Arlington National Cemetery, following their father&#39;s assassination and burial there in 1963.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>Holyhood is also the final resting place of Cardinal John Wright, golfer Francis Ouimet, baseball player George Wright, and Irish poet and journalist John Boyle O&#39;Reilly</p><br>
<h2>Commonwealth War Grave</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery contains one Commonwealth war burial, of an American-born Royal Air Force Cadet of World War I William Becker Hagan.</p><br>
<p>The Needle Mountains are a subrange of the San Juan Mountains of the Rocky Mountains located in the southwestern part of the USA State of Colorado. Much of the range is protected in the Weminuche Wilderness of the San Juan National Forest. The range is notable for having some of the most rugged mountains in the state, and includes many technical climbs and scrambles. A small but dramatic east-west subrange in the northern section is known as the Grenadier Range.</p><br>
<p>Notable peaks include:</p><br>
<p>Mount Eolus, 14,083 ft</p><br>
<p>Windom Peak, 14,082 ft</p><br>
<p>Sunlight Peak, 14,059 ft</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Peak, 13,972 ft</p><br>
<p>Vestal Peak, 13,864 ft (Grenadier Range)</p><br>
<p>Turret Peak, 13,835 ft</p><br>
<p>Jagged Mountain, 13,824 ft</p><br>
<p>Arrow Peak, 13,803 ft (Grenadier Range)</p><br>
<p>Animas Mountain, 13,786 ft</p><br>
<p>Storm King Peak, 13,752 ft (Grenadier Range)</p><br>
<p>Mount Silex, 13,628 ft</p><br>
<p>The Guardian (Colorado), 13,617 ft</p><br>
<p>Leviathan Peak, 13,528 ft</p><br>
<p>Vallecito Mountain, 13,428 ft</p><br>
<p>Mount Garfield, 13,074 ft</p><br>
<p>Waterton Lake is a mountain lake in southern Alberta, Canada and northern Montana, United States. The lake is composed of two bodies of water, connected by a shallow channel known locally as the Bosporus. The two parts are referred to as Lower Waterton Lake, and Upper Waterton Lake, the latter of which is crossed at the tip by the Canada–United States border. The United States Geological Survey gives the geocoordinates of {{coord|49|03|00|N|113|54|03|W}} for Upper Waterton Lake.</p><br>
<p>The northern, lower end of the main lake lies in Waterton Lakes National Park while the upper, southern part of the lake is located in Glacier National Park. In 1979, UNESCO established the Waterton Biosphere Reserve to protect the diverse habitats including prairie grasslands, aspen parkland, subalpine forests, alpine tundra and freshwater fens that surround the lake.</p><br>
<p>Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park was created by the US and Canada in 1932, and in 1976 it was designated an International Biosphere Reserve. Later, in 1995, it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>The upper and middle Waterton Lake system has a surface of 10.1 km&sup2;, while the lower lake, which is in Canada only, has 1.5 km&sup2; and lies at an altitude of 1,274 m. Two soundings of the lake were 210 ft and 317 ft, done in 1910. More recent soundings have revealed a depth of 487 ft (149 m).</p><br>
<p>Highway 5 has its westernmost point on the shores of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Waterton River</h2><br>
<p>The Waterton River is part of the South Saskatchewan River Basin, and the Oldman River Sub-Basin.</p><br>
<p>Waterton River flows north from the Lower Waterton Lake for approx. 32 km to reach the Waterton Reservoir (Est. 1964) by the village of Hill Spring.</p><br>
<p>The Waterton Reservoir diverts water of about 20 m/s to the Belly River just upstream from the Belly&#39;s own diversion weir which diverts water to the St. Mary River. The Waterton continues north from the reservoir for approx. 39 km until it reaches the confluence with the Belly River, which is a tributary of the Oldman River.</p><br>
<p>Waterton River has relatively reduced sediment concentrations due to the lakes and the reservoir acting as a sediment-settling trap.</p><br>
<p>The total length of the river is 80 km.</p><br>
<p>Waterton River’s mean peak discharge averages about 80 m/s.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries to the Waterton River include:</p><br>
<p>*Foothill Creek</p><br>
<p>*Drywood Creek</p><br>
<p>*Dungarvan Creek</p><br>
<p>*Galwey Brook</p><br>
<p>*Crooked Creek</p><br>
<p>Waterton Reservoir has a Full Supply Level (FSL) of 1,185.67 metres, and an Irrigation Capacity of 114,334 dam.</p><br>
<p>Batu Lawi is a twin-peaked mountain in the Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysia  that has played important roles in both ancient mythology and modern history. The taller male peak is 2046 metres above sea level, while the female summit is at 1850 metres. It is one of the highest mountains in the state of Sarawak.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Batu Lawi is sacred to many of the people who live in the region, such as the Kelabit and the Penan. According to the Kelabit people the mountains peaks are a husband and wife—a pair of protector gods that are the parents of all highland peoples. Kelabit legends tell of a time when a mountain of fire called Batu Apoi tried to burn all living things. Batu Lawi fought back to defeat it and Batu Apois flames died out of spite. Kelabit people would traditionally visit Batu Lawi on pilgrimages from settlements such as Bario or Ba Kelalan—about a two-day walk through forest that is now part of Pulong Tau National Park. According to their customs, from the moment they first set eyes on the mountain to the moment they stand at its base, they must not utter the mountain&#39;s name for fear of antagonising the spirits on the summits.</p><br>
<p>In World War Two, the twin peaks of Batu Lawi served as an important landmark to pilots in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), during Allied missions to help recapture northern Borneo from Japan, which had invaded and occupied the region in 1941. The Allied response was to send commandos behind the Japanese lines to train the indigenous communities as part of the Z Special Unit to resist the Japanese invasion. One of those to parachute in was Tom Harrisson, the British scientist, journalist and founder of Mass Observation, who was then a second lieutenant in the British Army.</p><br>
<p>In those days, the maps of Borneo were of a very poor quality. The pilot Squadron Leader Graham Pockley dfc and bar was leader of the expedition and of the RAAF Consolidated Liberator that carried Harrisson and seven other Z Force operatives behind the Japanese lines would have seen a thick green blanket of tropical forest for miles around. However, the pale sandstone peaks of Batu Lawi stood out like a lighthouse and allowed the commandos to be sure they would land somewhere close to the settlement of Bario, and the Kelabit people they sought. The jump was a success but the plane was shot down on its return to the airbase at Morotai in the Philippines. Squadron Leader Graham Pockley died after making the successful drop.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Tom Harrisson took part in the first successful ascent of the female peak, with Lejau Unad Doolinih and five other Kelabits. In her biography of Harrisson, The Most Offending Soul Alive, Judith M. Heimann reports that he placed a commemorative board just below the summit. It read:</p><br>
<p>Since 1946, several other climbers have reached the female peak. In 1998, members of Malaysian Nature Society (Miri branch) climbed the peak on 31 August (Malaysia&#39;s National Day).</p><br>
<p>In 1986 British and Australian soldiers from the 14th/20th King’s Hussars, led by Johny Beardsall, made the first ascent of the male peak. In 2007, the first Malaysian Climbers from Multimedia University (MMU), Cyberjaya reached the summit of the male peak during 50th Independence Day. This Malaysian Team Expedition manage by officer Shafiee Mohamad. In 2013, three of seven Indonesian students from Association of Nature-Loving Student of Telkom University (ASTACALA) successfully reached the top of the Male Peak. They climb through the west side of the rock in six days using traditional climbing technique, climbs around to the south, and finally reached the top.</p><br>
<p>Among those who have attempted to climb Batu Lawi was Bruno Manser, a Swiss national who lived for several years among the nomadic Penan people in Sarawak. He attempted to climb the mountain in 1988 but failed. In May 2000, he entered Sarawak illegally and told his Penan companions that he planned to climb Batu Lawi for the second time but went missing since then. He was declared legally dead on 10 March 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation on the female peak of Batu Lawi is classed as mountain heath, with low shrubs of Rhododendron and Callophyllum, ground herbs, ferns, orchids and carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes species) that include Nepenthes lowii. Many of the species present are also found on the summit of Gunung Murud, Sarawak&#39;s highest mountain, but are endemic to Borneo—that is, found nowhere else on the planet. Immediately below the female peak is a band of mossy elfin forest and, below that, oak-laurel forest.</p><br>
<p>A 1998 expedition by members of the Miri branch of the Malaysian Nature Society recorded 67 species of bird, including helmeted hornbill, and 20 species of mammal, including Bornean gibbon and sun bear, in the forest that surrounds Batu Lawi, but the only birds recorded from the summit of Batu Lawi itself were ochraceous bulbul and mountain blackeye. In 1946, Tom Harrisson saw a peregrine falcon on the male peak.</p><br>
<p>In May 2008 the authorities in Sarawak approved the area around Batu Lawi as an extension to Pulong Tau National Park. This meant all logging there should have ceased, but satellite images taken in May 2009 indicated extensive logging within the Batu Lawi reserve area. The images appeared in a report that the Council on Ethics of Norway’s State Pension Fund published in August 2010.</p><br>
<p>Pitane , near Çandarlı, Turkey, was an ancient Greek town of the ancient region of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Excavations in the necropolis of Pitane revealed ceramic finds from the Mycenaean, protogeometric, geometric, orientalizing and the Archaic Greece periods.</p><br>
<p>Pitane is believed to be the northernmost point of the Mycenaean influence in Anatolia.</p><br>
<p>A kouros from Pitane, dated to the 6th century BC, is now housed at the Bergama Archeological Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Classical Period</h3><br>
<p>In the fifth century BCE Pitane was a member of the Delian League and is recorded as paying a tribute of 1,000 drachmas. In 335 BCE, Alexander the Great&#39;s general Parmenion laid siege to the city as part of a campaign against the Persian Empire, but the city was saved by the Persian general Memnon of Rhodes.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic Period</h3><br>
<p>In c. 319 BCE its citizen Herakleitos son of Lysistratos was honoured by the people of Delphi, and in the period c. 325 - c. 275 BCE the people of Abydos honoured another citizen, Charidemos son of Antiphanes with a dedication at Delphi which included a statue by the famous Athenian sculptor Praxiteles. In the reign of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261 BCE), Pitane was able to expand its territory by paying the king 380 talents to purchase some territory. This territory was the subject of a dispute with the city of Mytilene on nearby Lesbos in the mid-second century BCE which was arbitrated by Pergamon. We also learn from this document that in the Hellenistic period Pitane was a free city not subject to the Attalid dynasty and its public document no longer used the Aeolic dialect. In 84 BCE Mithridates VI while evading the Roman general Gaius Flavius Fimbria fled to Pitane, where he was besieged by Fimbria before escaping to Mytilene by sea.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Autolycus (c. 360 - c. 290 BCE), mathematician.</p><br>
<p>Arcesilaus (316/5-241/0 BCE), founder of Academic skepticism</p><br>
<p>Matro (late fourth century BCE), author of the epic parody The Attic Feast.</p><br>
<p>Sangchris Lake is a 3,022-acre  reservoir located in Christian and Sangamon Counties, Illinois. It was created in 1964 by damming Clear Creek, a tributary of the South Fork of the Sangamon River for recreation and to serve as a source for cooling water for an adjacent electrical generating plant powered with coal. The lake is no more than 7 miles  long from headwaters to dam, but so jagged is its shore that the lake&#39;s total shoreline measures 120 miles  in length. Much of the shoreline is now part of Sangchris Lake State Recreation Area. The nearest town is Kincaid, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>As of 2013, the lake and state park are operated by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and the adjacent 1,108 megawatt Kincaid Power Station is operated by Dominion Resources, an electricity conglomerate. The lake is known for its crappie, largemouth bass, and striped bass fisheries.</p><br>
<p>Heraclea, also Heracleia or Herakleia , was an ancient city of Magna Graecia. It was situated on the Gulf of Taranto between the rivers Aciris  and Siris . The ruins of the city are located in the modern comune of Policoro in the Province of Matera, Basilicata, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was a Greek colony, but founded at a period considerably later than most of the other Greek cities in this part of Italy. The territory in which it was established had previously belonged to the Ionic colony of Siris, and after the fall of that city seems to have become the subject of contention between the neighboring states. The Athenians had a claim upon the territory of Siris, and it was probably in virtue of this that their colonists the Thurians, almost immediately after their establishment in Italy, advanced similar pretensions. These were, however, resisted by the Tarentines; and war ensued between the two states, which was at length terminated by an arrangement that they should found a new colony in the disputed district, which, though in fact a joint settlement, should be designated as a colony of Tarentum (modern Taranto). The few remaining inhabitants of Siris were added to the new colonists, and it would appear that the settlement was first established on the ancient site of Siris itself, but was subsequently transferred from thence, and an ancient, but new city founded about 24 stadia from the former, and nearer the river Aciris, to which the name of Heraclea was given. Siris did not cease to exist, but lapsed into the subordinate condition of the port or emporium of Heraclea. The foundation of the new city is placed by Diodorus in 432 BCE, fourteen years after the settlement of Thurii; a statement which appears to agree well with the above narrative, cited by Strabo from Antiochus of Syracuse. Diodorus, as well as Livy, calls it simply a colony of Tarentum. Antiochus is the only writer who mentions the share taken by the Thurians in its original foundation. Pliny erroneously regards Heraclea as identical with Siris, to which it had succeeded; and it was perhaps a similar misconception that led Livy, by a strange anachronism, to include Heraclea among the cities of Magna Graecia where Pythagoras established his institutions.</p><br>
<p>The new colony appears to have risen rapidly to power and prosperity, protected by the fostering care of the Tarentines, who were at one time engaged in war with the Messapians for its defence. It was probably owing to the predominant influence of Tarentum also that Heraclea was selected as the place of meeting of the general assembly (πανήγυρις) of the Italiot Greeks; a meeting apparently originally of a religious character, but of course easily applicable to political objects, and which for that reason Alexander, king of Epirus, sought to transfer to the Thurians for the purpose of weakening the influence of Tarentum.</p><br>
<p>But beyond the general fact that it enjoyed great wealth and prosperity, advantages which it doubtless owed to the noted fertility of its territory, we have scarcely any information concerning the history of Heraclea until we reach a period when it was already beginning to decline. We cannot doubt that it took part with the Tarentines in their wars against the Messapians and Lucanians, and it appears to have fallen gradually into a state of almost dependence upon that city, though without ever ceasing to be, in name at least, an independent state. Hence, when Alexander, king of Epirus, who had been invited to Italy by the Tarentines, subsequently became hostile to that people, he avenged himself by taking Heraclea, and, as already mentioned, transferred to the Thurians the general assemblies that had previously been held there. During the war of Pyrrhus with the Romans, Heraclea was the scene of the first conflict between the two powers, the consul Laevinus being totally defeated by the Epirot king in a battle (subsequently called the Battle of Heraclea) fought between the city of Heraclea and the river Siris, 280 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Heraclea was certainly at this time in alliance with the Tarentines and Lucanians against Rome; and it was doubtless with the view of detaching it from this alliance that the Romans were induced shortly afterwards (278 BCE) to grant to the Heracleans a treaty of alliance on such favorable terms that it is called by Cicero prope singulare foedus. Heraclea preserved this privileged condition throughout the period of the Roman Republic; and hence, even when in 89 BCE the Lex Plautia Papiria conferred upon its inhabitants, in common with the other cities of Italy, the rights of Roman citizens, they hesitated long whether they would accept the proffered boon. We hear that Heraclea surrendered under compulsion to Hannibal in 212 BCE. We have no account of the part taken by Heraclea in the Social War; but from an incidental notice in Cicero, that all the public records of the city had been destroyed by fire at that period, it would seem to have suffered severely. Cicero nevertheless speaks of it, in his defence of the poet Aulus Licinius Archias (who had been adopted as a citizen of Heraclea), as still a flourishing and important town, and it appears to have been one of the few Greek cities in the south of Italy that still preserved their consideration under the Roman dominion. Its name is unaccountably omitted by the 2nd century AD geographer Ptolemy; but its existence at a much later period is attested by the Antonine Itinerary and the Tabula Peutingeriana. It was still a place of some importance under the empire; a branch road from Venusia joined the coast road at Heraclea.</p><br>
<p>The time and circumstances of its final extinction are wholly unknown, but the site is now desolate, and the whole neighbouring district, once celebrated as one of the most fertile in Italy, was by the mid-19th century almost wholly uninhabited. The position of the ancient city may nevertheless be clearly identified; and though no ruins worthy of the name are still extant, large heaps of rubbish and foundations of ancient buildings mark the site of Heraclea near Policoro, about 5 km from the sea, and a short distance from the right bank of the Aciris. Numerous coins, bronzes, and other relics of antiquity have been discovered on the spot. A medieval town, Anglona, was founded on the site; however, once a bishopric, now itself is but a heap of ruins, among which are those of an 11th-century church.</p><br>
<h2>Tabulae Heracleenses</h2><br>
<p>The bronze tablets commonly known as the Tables of Heraclea (Tabulae Heracleenses), were found a short distance from the site of Heraclea, between it and Metapontum. They are significant in the study of Roman Law.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>Heraclea is generally regarded as the native country of the celebrated painter Zeuxis, though there is much doubt to which of the numerous cities of the name that distinguished artist really owed his birth. But the flourishing state of the arts in the Lucanian Heraclea (in common with most of the neighbouring cities of Magna Graecia) is attested by the beauty and variety of its coins, some of which may deservedly be reckoned among the choicest specimens of Greek art; while their number sufficiently proves the opulence and commercial activity of the city to which they belong.</p><br>
<p>The Holland Theatre was a movie theater that operated in Bellefontaine, Ohio, United States. Like many historic theaters, the Holland ultimately went out of business after a newer, more technologically advanced cinema, was introduced to the town.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1931, the Holland originally had the capability for both cinema and stage plays, but it was known for large depictions of a 17th-century Dutch landscape that lined both interior sidewalls of the theater. The displays included windmills that slowly turned.</p><br>
<p>The Holland was eventually converted to a 5 screen multiplex, with the "main" screen remaining in the auditorium in front of the stage. The theater&#39;s balcony was split in half and converted into two screens, and two additional screens were constructed in the rear of the cinema where the stage previously existed.</p><br>
<p>Although the original theater was closed in 1998, the building is open and hosts various fine arts events, while a preservation group works to restore the theater. In 2010, the theater received a grant from the Ohio Cultural Facilities Commission; the theater board has installed a new lighting system with the grant money.</p><br>
<p>Individuals associated with the theater believe that it is the only atmospheric theater in the United States built in a primarily Dutch style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Lac à l&#39;Eau Claire , also called the Clearwater Lakes in English, is a calque of Wiyâšâkamî in Northern East Cree  and Allait Qasigialingat by the Inuit, are a pair of annular lakes on the Canadian Shield in Quebec, Canada, near Hudson Bay.</p><br>
<p>The lakes are actually a single body of water with a sprinkling of islands forming a "dotted line" between the eastern and western parts. The name is due to the clear water it holds. There are actually 25 lakes with that name in the province (26 if the Petit lac à l&#39;Eau Claire — the Small Clearwater Lake — is included). These are the largest and northernmost, and the second largest natural lake in Quebec after Lake Mistassini.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, the explorer and geologist Albert Peter Low, a member of the Geological Survey of Canada, provided a probable explanation for the lakes&#39; descriptive Cree name by highlighting the extraordinary clarity and depth of their icy waters.</p><br>
<h2>Impact craters</h2><br>
<p>The Clearwater Lakes occupy the near-circular depressions of two eroded impact craters (astroblemes). The eastern and western craters are 26 km and 36 km in diameter, respectively. Both craters were previously believed to have the same age, 290 ± 20 million years (Permian period), promoting the long held idea that they formed simultaneously. According to this doublet impact crater theory initially proposed by Michael R. Dence and colleagues in 1965, the impactors may have been gravitationally bound as a binary asteroid, a suggestion also made by Thomas Wm. Hamilton in a 1978 letter to Sky & Telescope magazine in support of the then-controversial theory that asteroids may possess moons (such as, for example, asteroid 243 Ida with its satellite Dactyl). However, repeated Ar/Ar dating of impact melt rocks from both impact craters suggests that Clearwater East has an age of approximately 460–470 million years, corresponding to the Ordovician time period, whereas Clearwater West was formed 286.2 ± 2.6 million years ago, in the early Permian. Both Clearwater impact structures also carry different geophysical (natural remanent magnetization) signatures and different geochemical fingerprints of the impacting meteorite in the impact melt of each crater.</p><br>
<p>Clearwater East and Clearwater West are both complex craters with distinct central peaks. These peaks are caused by the gravitational collapse of crater walls and subsequent rebound of the compressed crater floor. Lake water and sediments cover the central peak of Clearwater East, but bathymetric surveys of the lake floor and core drilling confirm the presence of a peak in its center.</p><br>
<h2>Micro climate</h2><br>
<p>Because of its size, Lac à lEau Claire can affect the local climate, as attested to by the distribution of plant species. Although the lakes shorelines are populated mainly by boreal species, the flora of the central islands in the western basin of the lake is characteristically arctic, making the islands an arctic enclave.</p><br>
<h2>National park</h2><br>
<p>A vast area surrounding the lakes, Richmond Gulf (Lac Guillaume-Delisle), and Iberville Lake (Lac DIberville) are part of the 15,549 km&sup2; Tursujuq National Park, Quebecs largest national park, opened in 2012.Ministère du Développement durable, de l&#39;Environnement</p><br>
<p>et des Parcs, Provisional Master Plan Parc national des Lacs-Guillaume-Delisle-et-à-l&#39;Eau-Claire, Quebec, 2008,</p><br>
<p>High Tove is a fell in the English Lake District, close to the geographical centre of the Cumbrian hills. It forms part of the watershed between the Derwentwater and Thirlmere catchments, a ridge running broadly north-south.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Sitting astride the spine of the Central Fells, High Tove is an outlier of High Seat. It is separated from its taller northern neighbour by the Peewits, an extremely boggy depression. The ridge moves on south across further upland marsh towards Ullscarf, passing over the three rocky (and dry) outcrops of Middle Crag, Shivery Knott and Watendlath Fell (summit unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps). Armboth Fell lies to the south east of High Tove, connected to the ridge by a broad heathery saddle.</p><br>
<p>High Tove covers around one and a half miles of the north-south ridge, which is approximately a mile in width. It is bounded on the west by Watendlath Gill and its main feeder, Blea Tarn Gill. These flow to Watendlath Tarn, a popular beauty spot. The tarn is available for private fishing, being well stocked with trout. It holds a wide selection of flora, including water lilies and is at least 50 ft deep. Fisher and Launchy Gills provide the eastern boundaries of High Tove, flowing north and south around Armboth Fell respectively. Both are feeders of Thirlmere.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit is an island outcrop of the Thirlmere Member in a sea of drift deposits. The Thirlmere Member comprises welded rhyodacitic tuff with breccia.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A bridleway provides the pass from Watendlath to Armboth crossing the ridge. Unusually it keeps to the summit rather than a depression, in an attempt to avoid wet ground. A further path runs along the watershed, accompanied by a wire fence. This can prove useful for crossing the worst of the bogs.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top has a large cairn, which in Wainwright&#39;s words offers a seat to travellers who wish to pour the water out of their boots.</p><br>
<p>The views are good to the either side, the Helvellyn range nearby to the east and a wide selection of major fells visible on the opposite flank of the ridge. Higher neighbours obstruct the view to north and south.</p><br>
<p>Sanborn Seminary is a historic educational facility in Kingston, New Hampshire. Its main building was built in 1883 by Major Edward S. Sanborn  to serve as a secular secondary boarding school. The school ran continuously until 1966 when it was sold to the Town of Kingston. The campus became known as Sanborn Regional High School and served students from the towns of Kingston, Newton, and Fremont. The last class at this campus graduated in June 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Sanborn Seminary is located north of the village center of Kingston, on the east side of Church Street north of Depot Road. It is a large 2-1/2 story masonry structure, built out of brick with limestone trim. It is covered by an elaborate multicolored slate mansard roof. The main facade is five bays wide, with the center bay projecting and rising to a three-story mansard roofed tower with iron cresting. The facade bays are otherwise articulated by brick pilasters, and have pairs of narrow windows, each with stone keystones, shoulders, and sills.</p><br>
<p>The Seminary building was designed in the Victorian Gothic style popular at the time of its construction, and was completed in 1883. The architect is unknown. In preparation for the buildings 100th anniversary in 1983, an exterior restoration project was completed, and the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Seminary is the centerpiece of a campus complex that originally included five additional wood frame structures and a beach recreation area on nearby Greenwood Pond. The bell tower was removed from the buildings roof and located on the East Lawn until 2006, when it was relocated to the new Sanborn Regional High School atrium.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>A new building for Sanborn Regional High School opened on August 28, 2006. The Seminary and other campus buildings are expected to be adapted for School Administrative Unit 17 office uses. One of the buildings on the campus is now being used by the Seacoast Charter school.</p><br>
<p>East Lynn Lake is a 1,005 acre reservoir on the East Fork Twelvepole Creek in Wayne County, West Virginia. The lake is operated by the USA Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, as part of a series of flood control projects for the Ohio River basin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>East Lynn Lake was originally authorized by the USA Congress in 1938 following the devastating Flood of 1937. Like many other projects authorized in this era, construction did not actually take place until much later. Construction occurred about 1969-1970 with the intended purposes of flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife management. East Lynn Lake was established as the project&#39;s official name in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the lake resulted in the destruction of the town of Stiltner at the mouth of Brush Creek. It also required the relocation of a large stretch of West Virginia Route 37, which formerly followed the East Fork Twelvepole Creek valley that was inundated by the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>East Lynn Lake is home to 29 species of fish indigenous to southern West Virginia as well as carp and other non-native species. The lake is regularly stocked by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, which manages the lake and surrounding land as East Lynn Lake Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<p>The lake has both wake-permitted and no wake zones, which makes it popular for both fishing and water skiing. The Army Corps of Engineers maintains several recreational areas including a campground at the lake. There is also a marina near the dam.</p><br>
<p>Armboth Fell is a fell in the English Lake District, regarded by Alfred Wainwright as the centre of Lakeland. The fell is a domed plateau, three-quarters of a mile across, jutting out to the east of the Derwentwater-Thirlmere watershed, in the Borough of Allerdale. The fell is wet underfoot, with large areas clad in heather. The eastern slopes above Thirlmere have been planted with conifers.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Armboth Fell joins the main ridge via a shallow depression, a little to the south of High Tove, and due east of Middle Crag. This boggy low point is the source of both Fisher Gill and Launchy Gill, which form the fell&#39;s northern and southern boundaries respectively. Fisher Gill takes the shorter course, flowing straight for the shore of the reservoir through a break in the conifers below Cockrigg Crag. It enters the lake near the Armboth public car park. Launchy Gill flows across the plateau via Launchy Tarn. This is prominent on OS maps, but on the ground is a pool 20 feet wide. Very shallow, it lies on a gently sloping band of rock. Launchy Gill then drops through the forest over a series of waterfalls. A marked nature tail, popular with children, follows the lower part of the gill through the trees.</p><br>
<p>Prominent on the eastern flank of the fell is Fisher Crag (1,386 ft), a striking rock face set all about by trees and midway between the two gills. Reminiscent of Raven Crag to the north, this is a fine viewpoint for Thirlmere and the Eastern Fells, although public right of way is uncertain.</p><br>
<h2>Armboth</h2><br>
<p>The fell is named for the settlement of Armboth which stood on the shore of Thirlmere near the mouth of Fisher Gill. When the level of the lake was raised to create the reservoir in the 1880s, the village was abandoned and submerged. The only remaining structure is the summerhouse of Armboth Hall which lies amid the trees, although a number of ruins, enclosures and tracks can still be found within the forest. There is now no habitation on the western shore of the lake, although Armboth still appears on some signposts.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Birker Fell Formation (plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas) predominates, overlain by till. To the east of the summit are outcrops of garnet bearing porphyritic andesite.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A small rock outcrop forms the summit, complete with a cairn. A further knoll to the north east is of similar altitude. Much of the fell, particularly towards the main watershed, is very wet underfoot and the heather makes progress even more laborious. There are views east to the Helvellyn range and westward over the main ridge to the higher fells where a great sweep from Grisedale Pike to Bowfell can be seen. Fisher Crag presents a better viewpoint for Thirlmere.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>To quote Wainwright "walkers of a contrary turn of mind will summarily reject the advice to leave Armboth Fell well alone, and may indeed be strengthened in their determination to climb it."</p><br>
<p>From the public car park at Armboth a track can be followed up the south bank of Fisher Gill. This leads into the trees, emerging behind Fisher Crag. From here on there is no path.</p><br>
<p>Launchy Gill does not provide access to the open fell, the forest fence being a substantial barrier, but from further south at the Dob Gill car park the bridleway to Watendlath can be used to gain the main ridge between Ullscarf and High Tove, before striking north to the summit. If making for Armboth Fell from the west, webbed feet may be found useful after rain.</p><br>
<p>Furtwangler Glacier is located near the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwängler who, along with Siegfried König, were the fourth party to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is a small remnant of an ice cap that once crowned the summit of Kilimanjaro. Almost 85 percent of the ice cover disappeared from October 1912 to June 2011. At the current rate, most of the ice will disappear by 2040 and "it is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060".</p><br>
<p>Furtwängler Glacier is ephemeral, existing continuously since only about 1650 CE, which corresponds with very high levels in Kenya&#39;s Lake Naivasha and the beginning of the Maunder Minimum. Between measurements in 1976 and 2000, the area of this glacier was cut almost in half, from 113,000 m&sup2; to 60,000 m&sup2;. Based on the rate of thinning observed between 2000 and 2009, this glacier is expected to disappear by 2018.</p><br>
<p>During fieldwork conducted early in 2006, scientists discovered a large hole near the center of the glacier. This hole, extending through the 6 m remaining thickness of the glacier to the underlying rock, was expected to grow and split the glacier in two by 2007.</p><br>
<p>Langlee Island or Langley Island is an island in the Hingham Bay area of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The island has a permanent size of 4 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 3 acre, and is composed of a massing of Roxbury puddingstone which rises to a height of 40 ft above sea level. This results in steep cliffs on the northern shore, while there are several small sandy beaches and a tidal mudflat on the east side. The center of the island contains glacial till that supports tree and shrub cover. As a result of previous planting, the island hosts large examples of oak, maple, juniper, and birch trees, while self-seeded huckleberry and viburnum mix with common greenbriar, dewberry, sumac, and poison ivy.</p><br>
<p>The island was purchased by John Langlee in 1689, and has had several private owners since. Eventually, it was given to the town of Hingham by its last private owner, and the town still manages it as part of the National Recreation Area. Access is by private boat only.</p><br>
<p>Scylletium or Scolacium was an ancient seaside city in Calabria, southern Italy. Its ruins can be found at the frazione of Roccelletta, in the comune of Borgia, near Catanzaro, facing the Gulf of Squillace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Scylletium was situated on the east coast of Calabria (ancient Bruttium), on the shores of an extensive bay, to which it gave the name of Scylleticus Sinus. It is this bay, still known as the Gulf of Squillace (Golfo di Squillace), which indents the coast of Calabria on the east as deeply as that of Hipponium or Terina (the Gulf of Saint Eufemia, Italian: Golfo di Sant&#39;Eufemia) does on the west, so that they leave but a comparatively narrow isthmus between them. According to a tradition generally received in ancient times, Scylletium was founded by an Athenian colony, a part of the followers who had accompanied Menestheus to the Trojan War. Another tradition was, however, extant, which ascribed its foundation to Ulysses. But no historical value can be attached to such statements, and there is no trace in historical times of Scylletium having been a Greek colony, still less an Athenian one. Its name is not mentioned either by Scylax or Scymnus Chius in enumerating the Greek cities in this part of Italy, nor is there any allusion to its Athenian origin in Thucydides at the time of the Athenian expedition to Sicily. We learn from Diodorus that it certainly did not display any friendly feeling towards the Athenians. It appears, indeed, during the historical period of the Greek colonies to have been a place of inferior consideration, and a mere dependency of Crotona, to which city it continued subject until it was wrested from its power by the elder Dionysius, who assigned it with its territory to the Loerians. It is evident that it was still a small and unimportant place at the time of the Second Punic War, as no mention is found of its name during the operations of Hannibal in Bruttium, though he appears to have for some time had his headquarters in its immediate neighborhood, and the place called Castra Hannibalis must have been very near to Scylletium.</p><br>
<p>In 124 BCE the Romans, at the instigation of C. Gracchus, sent a colony to Scylletium, which appears to have assumed the name of Minervium or Colonia Minervia. The name is written by Velleius Scolatium; and the form Scolacium is found also in an inscription of the reign of Antoninus Pius, from which it appears that the place must have received a fresh colony under Nerva. Scylletium appears to have become a considerable town after it received the Roman colony, and continued such throughout the Roman Empire. Towards the close of this period it was distinguished as the birthplace of Cassiodorus (Aurelius Cassiodorus), founder of the Vivarium, a monastery dedicated to the coexistence of coenobitic monks and hermits, who has left us a detailed but rhetorical description of the beauty of its situation, and fertility of its territory. Cassiodorus&#39; writings also make mention of production of highly priced terra cotta.</p><br>
<h2>Sculpture</h2><br>
<p>In 2006 a sculpture with the title Time Horizon was set up in the park by the English sculptor Antony Gormley.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Antony Gormley: Time Horizon Intersecione, Intersecione 2 al Parco Archeologico di Scolacium, 2006</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>In June 1884, officers and trustees were elected and the original 28 acre of land were purchased from Lucius Wilcox. Over the years, people left adjacent land to the cemetery which now totals 64.4 acre in the city and 7 acre in the town of Canandaigua and serves as a burial site for more than 13,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The Woodlawn Cemetery chapel was dedicated in 1910. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Myron Holley Clark (1806-1892) - Governor of New York</p><br>
<p>Francis Granger (1792-1868) - Member of the USA House of Representatives and USA Postmaster General; candidate for USA Vice President (1836)</p><br>
<p>Gideon Granger (1767-1822) - New York State Senator and USA Postmaster General</p><br>
<p>Elbridge Gerry Lapham (1814-1890) - Member of the USA House of Representatives and United States Senate</p><br>
<p>John Raines (1840-1909) - New York State Senator and member of the USA House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Frederick Ferris Thompson (1836-1899) - notable banker, co-founder of predecessor banks to Citibank and JP Morgan Chase</p><br>
<p>Mary Clark Thompson (1835-1923) - philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Stanton Davis Kirkham (1868-1944) - author</p><br>
<p>Walter Knapp - the first licensed Navy helicopter pilot.</p><br>
<p>Artists Lydia Atwater, Frank Hutchens and Charles Dickens Wader</p><br>
<p>Edward Francis Winslow, a Civil War general, who died at Sonnenberg while visiting Mary Clark Thompson and her banker husband, Frederick Ferris Thompson</p><br>
<p>Lambert&#39;s Castle is an Iron Age hill fort in the county of Dorset in southwest England. Since 1981 it has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest  on account of its geology, archaeology and ecology.</p><br>
<p>The hillfort is situated on a broad northerly spur at the summit of Lamberts Castle Hill, which rises to a height of 256 m. There are steep natural slopes on three sides of the fort, and linear ramparts across the flat southern approaches. The site is owned by the National Trust. A car park is accessible from the B3165 road. There are two other hill-forts near Lamberts Castle: Coney&#39;s Castle is about 1.5 km to its south, and Pilsdon Pen is about 5 km to its north-east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lamberts Castle was built around 2,500 years ago; a prominent ditch and bank still survive near the western entrance. A fair was held here from 1709 to 1947, during which the hilltop was used as a racecourse.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The site consists of sands and marls of the middle Lias with the remains of Gault and Upper Greensand capping. There are strong outflows of springs at various junctions of the upper greensand and gault.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Plateau surface of Upper Greensand</h3><br>
<p>This is a mosaic of acidic grassland, open heath, scrubland and secondary woodland and comprises: sheep-fescue (Festuca ovina), sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), early hair-grass (Aira praecox), heath-grass (Danthonia decumbens) and field wood-rush (Luzula campestris). Herbs present include abundant tormentil (Potentilla erecta), heath milkwort (Polygala serpyllifolia), cats-ear (Hypochaeris radicata), heath bedstraw (Galium saxatile), heather (Calluna vulgaris), bell heather (Erica cinerea), bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bryophytes, lichen, gorse (Ulex europaeus), western gorse (Ulex gallii), bramble (Rubus fruticosus), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), birch (Betula spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur).</p><br>
<h3>Upper Greensand / Gault junction</h3><br>
<p>A zone of acidic bog vegetation consisting of: purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), sedges (Carex spp.) including star sedge (Carex echinata), green-ribbed sedge (Carex binervis) and flea sedge (Carex pulicaris); bog moss (Sphagnum spp.), heath spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata), devils-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), marsh violet (Viola palustris), meadow thistle (Cirsium dissectum), wood horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum), lesser butterfly-orchid (Platanthera bifolia) and pale butterwort (Pinguicula lusitanica).</p><br>
<h3>Lower slopes</h3><br>
<p>Unimproved, herb-dominated neutral grassland consisting of: crested dogstail (Cynosurus cristatus), common knapweed (Centaurea nigra), red fescue (Festuca rubra), yellow oat-grass (Trisetum flavescens), quaking grass (Briza media), spring-sedge (Carex caryophyllea), glaucous sedge (Carex flacca), red clover (Trifolium pratense), ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), common bird-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). Less frequent species are ladys-mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris), dyers greenweed (Genista tinctoria), corky-fruited water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) and adders-tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum).</p><br>
<h3>Wet areas in grassland</h3><br>
<p>Soft rush (Juncus effusus), sharp-flowered rush (Juncus acutiflorus), oval sedge (Carex leporina), common yellow-sedge (Carex demissa), carnation sedge (Carex panicea), common marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre), marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris), ragged-robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), greater birds-foot-trefoil (Lotus uliginosus), bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella) and bristle clubrush (Isolepis setacea).</p><br>
<h2>Notable invertebrates</h2><br>
<p>Glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca)</p><br>
<p>Pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene)</p><br>
<p>Small pearl-bordered fritillary (Bolaria euphrosyne)</p><br>
<p>The Patee House, also known as Patee House Museum, was completed in 1858 as a 140-room luxury hotel at 12th Street and Penn in St. Joseph, Missouri. It was one of the best-known hotels west of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The Patee House was built by John Patée as part of his Patee Town development around the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad station. Office space included the headquarters and eastern terminus of the Pony Express, founded in 1860 to provide fast overland mail service to the West Coast. During the American Civil War, the Union Army Provost Marshal&#39;s office was located in Patee House. The Army conducted war trials in the second floor ballroom.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the Patee Female College operated in the building from 1865-1868. Its space was taken over 1875-1880 by the St. Joseph Female College, founded in affiliation with the Baptist Church. These private schools were part of the postwar expansion of educational facilities for young women across the country.</p><br>
<p>After outlaw Jesse James was murdered in 1882 at his nearby home, his surviving family stayed at the hotel during the investigation of his death. It was then called Worlds Hotel. Also resident at the hotel within two weeks of James death was Oscar Wilde who. Later the building was adapted to house the R.L. McDonald shirt factory and other light industrial uses for 80 years.</p><br>
<p>Since 1963, the building has been operated as a museum of United States history, with an emphasis on transportation. An 1892 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad steam locomotive and 1877 railroad depot are displayed inside the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the museum was selected as one of "America&#39;s Top Ten Western Museums" by True West Magazine. It was also listed in 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark for its role as the Pony Express headquarters. It marks the eastern terminus of the Pony Express National Historic Trail. The Jesse James Home Museum is located on Patee House grounds. Both are owned and operated by the Pony Express Historical Association, a not-for-profit organization. Both are contributing resources to the Patee Town Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Patee Town Historic District is a national historic district located at St. Joseph, Missouri. The district encompasses 71 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the Patee Town section of St. Joseph. It developed between about 1858 and 1939, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival and Italianate style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Patee House, a hotel that is a USA National Historic Landmark, and Jesse James House. Other notable buildings include the Morey Piro House , Charles E. Herycele House , R. L. McDonald Manufacturing Co. Warehouse , Mrs. Pemetia Cornish Duplex , Fred Wenz Store Building , Fire Station #5 , German Salems Church , and Matthew Ziebold House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Pony Express Stables, also known as Pike&#39;s Peak Stables, is a historic stable building located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It is a one story building, originally built as a wood frame structure in 1858. Its exterior walls were rebuilt in brick in 1888, whether keeping the original structure intact It is now the home of the Pony Express Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building, originally Pikes Peak Stable, was built for care of horses of the local freight and stagecoach company. It was bought in 1860 by the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company to be used for the Pony Express. In the first Pony Express run on April 3, 1860, William (Billie) Richardson left from here to go the Patee House to pick up a waiting mochilla, then headed west.</p><br>
<p>The building is 58.33 x in plan. Its front (north) and side walls are coursed brick, two bricks thick. As of 1970, the rear wall is wood frame on a brick foundation, covered by asbestos board.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Pony Express Museum</h2><br>
<p>The building was restored in 1950 by the Goetz Foundation and the Pony Express National Memorial museum was then established.</p><br>
<p>The Pony Express Museum is one of the most historically educational museums in the country in respect to the legendary mail service that ran from April 3, 1860 to October 26, 1861. Between exhibits, a 7-part diorama, maps, an archeological dig and artifacts, the museum has entertained and educated visitors from all over the world. In 2010 the museum celebrated the 150th Sesquicentennial of the Pony Express on April 1–3, 2010 which drew over 10,000 people. The museum is located at 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the museum produced a live action documentary titled Days of the Pony Express produced by Jim Conlon with Scout Films. The film was given a favorable review by Wild West Magazine.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant&#39;s Crag is a fell in the English Lake District. It is an intermediate height on the ridge between the Langstrath and Greenup valleys in the Central Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>As the spur falling north from High Raise gradually narrows, the ground becomes rockier, until a sudden turn toward the east throws up a knuckle of crag. The main face is on the north western flank, cut by a gully, with the lower slabs providing the majority of the rock climbing. Bull crag is also on this flank, a little to the south. From Sergeant&#39;s Crag the ridge drops slightly before reaching its terminus at Eagle Crag.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant&#39;s Crag has well defined boundaries with Langstrath to the west and the gentler eastern slopes falling to Greenup Gill. These streams converge beneath Eagle Crag to form Stonethwaite Beck. Blea Rock is a conspicuous boulder at the foot of the Langstrath slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The face of the crag displays the pebbly sandstone and breccia of the Pavey Ark Member. The bulk of the fell is formed of the Seathwaite Formation, volcaniclastic sandstone with some conglomerates, breccia and andesite sills.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A stone wall runs along the ridge from Eagle Crag, the accompanying path being the usual route of ascent. This becomes indistinct as the ground broadens toward High Raise. The crag can also be outflanked, climbing without paths from further south along either valley.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top is partly hemmed in by the stone wall, a cairn resting on a rock platform. Bowfell and Esk Pike can be seen along Langstrath, with other high Southern Fells visible over Glaramara. High Raise and Ullscarf obstruct the eastward view, but there is a fine display of the North Western and Northern Fells.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chabot is a man-made lake covering 317 acre in Alameda County, California. Part of the lake lies within Oakland city limits, but most of it lies in unincorporated Castro Valley, just east of San Leandro. It was formed by the damming of San Leandro Creek. The lake was completed in 1875 to serve as a primary source of water for the East Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Notice about partial park closure</h2><br>
<p>The East Bay Regional Park District has announced that parts of the park will be closed to the public for 18 months, beginning in May 2017, while the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) completes seismic retrofit work on the 142-year-old dam. During this closure, the Lake Chabot Bicycle Loop and hiking loop will be CLOSED across the dam. For more information, please go to http://www.ebmud.com/about-us/construction-my-neighborhood/chabot-dam-upgrade/.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Chabot dam was built in 1874-1875 as a primary source for water in the East Bay. At that time, the dam and reservoir were known simply as the San Leandro Reservoir. It was renamed Lower San Leandro Reservoir when another dam was built on the same creek upstream of the original lake, creating Upper San Leandro Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Chabot was closed to recreation for 91 years. Legislation passed in the 1960s opened the lake for controlled recreation uses. Currently, the lake serves as a standby emergency water supply. For this reason, visitors are asked to observe certain necessary regulations to keep the waters pure. There are also blooms of toxic blue-green algae in the lake during the summer and fall that make contact with the water dangerous.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Chabot Regional Park and Lake Chabot Regional Park offer a number of activities including family and group camping, hiking, a public marksmanship/shooting range, equestrian trails, bicycle trails, nature study, picnicking, golf, fishing, boat rental, a marina, a restaurant and boat tours of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>Aside from sedimentation caused by normal earth-fill dam construction, much of the dam&#39;s clay core and soil overburden were washed away in a storm during construction in 1874, resulting in the formation of Arrowhead Marsh in San Leandro Bay, at the mouth of San Leandro Creek near the Oakland International Airport. Coastal surveys show the marsh appearing sometime between 1855 and 1895, though logging of the San Antonio Forest may have also played a role.</p><br>
<p>Today, Arrowhead Marsh is one of the last remaining wetlands in the East Bay, and part of Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline, while nearly all of the surrounding historic marsh has been covered with industrial development.</p><br>
<p>Cypress Island is the westernmost part of Skagit County, Washington and is about halfway between the mainland and offshore San Juan County. It is separated from Blakely Island to the west by Rosario Strait and from Guemes Island to the east by Bellingham Channel. The island has a land area of 5,500 acre, and a population of 40 persons as of the 2000 United States Census.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Department of Natural Resources manages about 5,100 acre of the island and leaves the island in a natural state. Cypress is heavily forested and has a system of trails linking various parts of the island. In roughly the middle of the island is a lake of about 7 acre. On the southeastern corner of the island is a sheltered bay featuring a salmon fish farm. Cypress is not served by ferry and there are no public utilities on the island.</p><br>
<p>The island is a popular destination for kayak trips due its relatively close proximity to the mainland and to the camping available at two sites on the east side.</p><br>
<p>Sheltered anchorages for boaters can be found in Eagle Harbor with public state park facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Natural Features</h2><br>
<p>Most of the island is underlain by ultramafic rock such as serpentinite, which provides a poor balance of nutrients to soils that develop on it. Limited areas of fertile non-ultramafic soils occur around the island&#39;s northern end and in small pockets elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Forests on the island are dominated by Douglas-fir. The magnesium-rich bedrock supports a considerable population of Rocky Mountain juniper. Other common trees include shore pine, Pacific madrone and Douglas maple. Some western hemlock, western red cedar, grand fir, red alder and bigleaf maple also occur.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native presence</h3><br>
<p>Prior to homesteading in the early twentieth century, the island was used by the Samish tribe, which had a winter village established on nearby Guemes Island. Samish fishing villages were present on Cypress until 1900.</p><br>
<h3>Early exploration</h3><br>
<p>The first sighting of Cypress Island by Europeans was by the Spanish during the 1791 voyage of José María Narváez, who named it San Vincente. The island was named again by Captain George Vancouver in early June 1792, when he mistook juniper trees for cypress trees. Vancouver reports that the Chatham, one of the vessels in his party, lost an anchor in Strawberry Bay, on the west side of the island. Vancouver wrote:</p><br>
<p>The island of Cypress is principally composed of high rocky mountains and steep perpendicular cliffs which in the center of Strawberry bay fall a little back and the space between the foot of the mountains and the sea side is occupied by low marshy land through which are several small runs of most excellent water that find their way into the bay by oozing through the beach.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1975, the Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR) designated 156 acre as a Natural Area Preserve, and added 56 more acres in 1978. At that time, however, most of the island remained in private hands.</p><br>
<p>Several attempts were made to develop the island. Spokane industrialist Raymond A. Hanson acquired 3,150 acre on Cypress Island in 1978 and, in the 1980s proposed first a large-scale public utility development and then a five-star resort and golf-course. Small land-owners on the island, organized in a group called "Friends of Cypress Island" fought both proposals. Hanson finally sold his land to the Department of Natural Resources in 1989.</p><br>
<p>This purchase along with subsequent, smaller purchases, have allowed the Natural Area Preserve to be expanded to 1,073 acre, out of the 5,100 acre that comprise the Cypress Island Natural Resources Conservation Area.</p><br>
<p>The waters surrounding the island became a DNR Aquatic Reserve in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Hoan Kiem Lake , also known as Hồ Gươm , is a lake in the historical center of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. The lake is one of the major scenic spots in the city and serves as a focal point for its public life.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the legend, in early 1428, Emperor Lê Lợi was boating on the lake when a Golden Turtle God (Kim Qui) surfaced and asked for his magic sword, Heavens Will. Lợi concluded that Kim Qui had come to reclaim the sword that its master, a local God, the Dragon King (Long Vương) had given Lợi some time earlier, during his revolt against Ming China. Later, cô Lợi gave the sword back to the turtle after he finished fighting off the Chinese. Lợi renamed the lake to commemorate this event, from its former name Luc Thuy meaning "Green Water". The Turtle Tower (Thap Rùa) standing on a small island near the centre of lake is linked to the legend. The first name of Hoàn Kiếm lake is Tả Vọng, when the King havent gave the Magical Sword back to the Golden Turtle God.</p><br>
<p>Large soft-shell turtles, either of the species Rafetus swinhoei or a separate species named Rafetus leloi in honor of the emperor, had been sighted in the lake for many years. The last known individual was found dead on January 19, 2016. There are three remaining turtles of the species R. swinhoei.</p><br>
<p>Near the northern shore of the lake lies Jade Island on which the Temple of the Jade Mountain (Ngoc Son Temple) stands. The temple was erected in the 18th century. It honors the 13th-century military leader Tran Hung Dao who distinguished himself in the fight against the Yuan Dynasty, Van Xuong, a scholar, and Nguyen Van Sieu, a Confucian master and famous writer in charge of repairs made to the temple in 1864. Jade Island is connected to the shore by the wooden red-painted The Huc Bridge (The Huc, meaning Morning Sunlight Bridge).</p><br>
<p>Grey Knotts is a fell in the English Lake District. It is situated one kilometre south of the B5289 road as it crosses the Honister Pass. It is well seen from mid-Borrowdale as it rises above Seatoller. Grey Knotts reaches a height of 697 metres  and is part of a ridge which ascends from the woodland behind Seatoller and continues south-west and then south for four kilometres to Great Gable. The fell&#39;s name really only applies to the summit rocks, but has been adopted for the entire fell with the high ground in this area, locally known as Seatoller Fell on Ordnance Survey maps.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Grey Knotts is a “Wainwright” fell and also qualifies as a Nuttall, but this must be considered a borderline case, as it barely has the required 15 metres of prominence to the adjoining higher fell of Brandreth.</p><br>
<p>All the highlights of Grey Knotts are situated on the eastern (Borrowdale) side of the fell, Raven Crag, known as Gillercombe Buttress to rock climbers. It is a popular area for bouldering, using the large amount of large boulders that have become detached from the main crag. There are also several conventional climbing routes up the main crag. Gillercomb (spelt like this on map) is a fine example of a hanging valley from which issues the stream of Sour Milk Gill, which descends into Borrowdale in a series of picturesque cascades.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The principal rock types are the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Graphite mine</h2><br>
<p>Also on the Borrowdale side of the fell at the upper end of Newhouse Gill at grid reference is the site of the former Borrowdale graphite (then called Plumbago) mines. The mine was started in the 16th century by German immigrants; the graphite found was in a very pure form and in those early days was used only for marking sheep. Later, however, graphite was found to be suitable for lining the casting moulds for cannon and musket balls, which caused its value to soar in the 17th century, as England, France and the Dutch Republic built up their armies. The graphite was also used in pencil-making, which in 1790 led to the founding of the Cumberland pencil industry based in Keswick. The mine closed in 1891 after new techniques meant that graphite no longer needed to be so pure, so the Borrowdale mine became uneconomic.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Grey Knotts can be ascended from Seathwaite or Seatoller in Borrowdale or from the top of the Honister Pass. The route from Seathwaite goes up Newhouse Gill thus allowing the walker to inspect the old graphite mines while the path from Seatoller has to use the B5289 road for a kilometre before going onto the fell and following a wall for some distance then climbing the northern end of Raven Crag to reach the summit. Grey Knotts is often climbed from the top of the Honister Pass which gives the advantage of starting at a height of 356 metres (1167 feet). Walkers often use Grey Knotts as a stepping stone for the ascent of Great Gable from Honister Pass also passing over the adjoining fells of Brandreth and Green Gable on the way.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell is dotted with grey tors of rock and two of these give the fell twin tops of equal height, the eastern top has an Ordnance Survey trig point. There are also several small tarns on the summit as well as some fence posts which can be an aid to navigation. The view from the summit is very good with the Buttermere valley well seen to the north west and the Scafell massif standing out to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Mahaweli River , is a 335 km long river, ranking as the longest river in Sri Lanka. Its drainage basin is the largest in the country, and covers almost one-fifth of the total area of the island. The real creation of Mahaweli ganga starts at Polwathura, a remote village of Nuwara-Eliya District in bank Nawalapitiya of Kandy District by further joining of Hatton oya and Kotmale oya.The river reaches the Bay of Bengal on the southwestern side of Trincomalee Bay. The bay includes the first of a number submarine canyons, making Trincomalee one of the finest deep-sea harbors in the world. The river and its tributaries are dammed at several locations to allow irrigation in the dry zone, with almost 1,000 km&sup2; of land irrigated. Production of hydroelectricity from six dams of the Mahaweli system supplies more than 40% of Sri Lanka&#39;s electricity needs. One of the many sources of the river is the Kotmale Oya.</p><br>
<p>There is a misconception in Sri Lanka that the Mahaweli starts in the Sri Pada mountain. The Mahaweli gets its source waters from Hortain Plains in Kirigalpoththa and the Thotupola mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Kotmale Oya</p><br>
<p>Hatton Oya</p><br>
<p>Hulu Ganga</p><br>
<p>Loggal Oya</p><br>
<p>Uma Oya</p><br>
<p>Badulu Oya</p><br>
<p>Amban ganga</p><br>
